Background & objectives:The COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges for couples, including managing household duties, child-rearing, and communication difficulties. Unfortunately, these challenges have led to marital conflicts and, in some cases, divorce. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of domestic violence against women and children during the pandemic. Methods: For this research, various English databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley, ProQuest EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were searched from February 2020 to September 2022, using keywords like Children, Adolescents, Coronavirus 2019, Depression, Stress Anxiety, Domestic Violence, and Pandemic. In this study, the PRISMA systematic review study reporting guide was used. Results: Research findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in mental, physical, and sexual violence against children and women. Factors such as income level, employment status, age, school closures, smoking, and home quarantine have been associated with increased verbal, sexual, and physical violence against these vulnerable groups. Conclusion: Violence against women and children can cause severe psychological and social consequences. As much of this violence may occur in secrecy, the country's welfare and psychological organizations must take action and promote awareness of domestic violence.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject: General Received: 2023/09/9 | Accepted: 2023/09/1 | Published: 2023/09/1
References
1. Wu Q, Xu Y. Parenting stress and risk of child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A family stress theory-informed perspective. Developmental Child Welfare. 2020;2(3):180-96. [DOI:10.1177/2516103220967937] [PMCID]
2. Gilbert GL. Commentary: SARS, MERS, and COVID-19-new threats; old lessons. International journal of epidemiology. 2020;49(3):726-8. [DOI:10.1093/ije/dyaa061] [PMID] [PMCID]
3. Tang B, Wang X, Li Q, Bragazzi NL, Tang S, Xiao Y, Wu J. Estimation of the transmission risk of the 2019-nCoV and its implication for public health interventions. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(2):462. [DOI:10.3390/jcm9020462] [PMID] [PMCID]
4. Bagheri Sheykhangafshe F, Farahani H, Azadfallah P. Determinants of public acceptance of the covid-19 vaccine: a systematic review. International Clinical Neuroscience Journal. 2022;9(1):e19. [DOI:10.34172/icnj.2022.19]
5. Roca E, Melgar P, Gairal-Casadó R, Pulido-Rodríguez MA. Schools that 'open doors' to prevent child abuse in confinement by COVID-19. Sustainability. 2020;12(11):4685. [DOI:10.3390/su12114685]
7. COVID C, Team R, Jorden MA, Rudman SL, Villarino E, Hoferka S, Patel MT, Bemis K, Simmons CR, Jespersen M, Johnson JI. Evidence for limited early spread of COVID-19 within the United States, January-February 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69(22):680. [DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6922e1] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Liu Y, Yue S, Hu X, Zhu J, Wu Z, Wang J, Wu Y. Associations between feelings/behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and depression/anxiety after lockdown in a sample of Chinese children and adolescents. Journal of affective disorders. 2021; 284:98-103. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.001] [PMID] [PMCID]
9. Xue J, Chen J, Chen C, Hu R, Zhu T. The hidden pandemic of family violence during COVID-19: unsupervised learning of tweets. Journal of medical Internet research. 2020;22(11): e24361. [DOI:10.2196/24361] [PMID] [PMCID]
10. Leslie E, Wilson R. Sheltering in place and domestic violence: Evidence from calls for service during COVID-19. Journal of public economics. 2020; 189:104241. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104241] [PMID] [PMCID]
11. Kalokhe A, Del Rio C, Dunkle K, Stephenson R, Metheny N, Paranjape A, Sahay S. Domestic violence against women in India: A systematic review of a decade of quantitative studies. Global public health. 2017;12(4):498-513. [DOI:10.1080/17441692.2015.1119293] [PMID] [PMCID]
12. Baglivio MT, Wolff KT, Reid JA, Jackson SL, Piquero AR. Did juvenile domestic violence offending change during COVID-19?. Youth violence and juvenile justice. 2022;20(1):63-79. [DOI:10.1177/15412040211047266]
13. Bagheri Sheykhangafshe F, Farahani H, Fathi-Ashtiani A. The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy based on Mindfulness of Psychological Distress and Tolerance of Ambiguity on COVID-19 Obsession Disorder. Caspian Journal of Health Research. 2023;8(1):1-10. [DOI:10.32598/CJHR.8.1.362.1]
14. Ferrari G, Agnew-Davies R, Bailey J, Howard L, Howarth E, Peters TJ, Sardinha L, Feder G. Domestic violence and mental health: a cross-sectional survey of women seeking help from domestic violence support services. Global health action. 2014;7(1):25519. [DOI:10.3402/gha.v7.25519] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Peraica T, Kovačić Petrović Z, Barić Ž, Galić R, Kozarić-Kovačić D. Gender differences among domestic violence help-seekers: socio-demographic characteristics, types and duration of violence, perpetrators, and interventions. Journal of Family Violence. 2021;36(4):429-42. [DOI:10.1007/s10896-020-00207-8]
16. Naz S, Malik NI. Domestic violence and psychological well-being of survivor women in Punjab, Pakistan. J Psychol Clin Psychiatry. 2018;9(2):184-9. [DOI:10.15406/jpcpy.2018.09.00519]
17. Telles LE, Valenca AM, Barros AJ, da Silva AG. Domestic violence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 43:233-4. [DOI:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Ertan D, El-Hage W, Thierrée S, Javelot H, Hingray C. COVID-19: urgency for distancing from domestic violence. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2020;11(1):1800245. [DOI:10.1080/20008198.2020.1800245] [PMID] [PMCID]
19. Piquero AR, Jennings WG, Jemison E, Kaukinen C, Knaul FM. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis: Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Criminal Justice. 2021:101806-. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101806] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Boxall H, Morgan A, Brown R. The prevalence of domestic violence among women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Australasian Policing. 2020;12(3):38-46. [DOI:10.52922/sb04718]
21. Naghizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M, Mohammadirad R. Domestic violence and its relationship with quality of life in pregnant women during the outbreak of COVID-19 disease. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2021;21(1):1-10. [DOI:10.1186/s12884-021-03579-x] [PMID] [PMCID]
22. Gulati G, Kelly BD. Domestic violence against women and the COVID-19 pandemic: What is the role of psychiatry? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2020; 71:101594. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101594] [PMID] [PMCID]
23. Boserup B, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American journal of emergency medicine. 2020;38(12):2753-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077] [PMID] [PMCID]
24. Kovler ML, Ziegfeld S, Ryan LM, Goldstein MA, Gardner R, Garcia AV, Nasr IW. Increased proportion of physical child abuse injuries at a level I pediatric trauma center during the Covid-19 pandemic. Child abuse & neglect. 2021; 116:104756. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104756] [PMID] [PMCID]
25. Arenas-Arroyo E, Fernandez-Kranz D, Nollenberger N. Intimate partner violence under forced cohabitation and economic stress: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Economics. 2021; 194:104350. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104350] [PMID] [PMCID]
26. Martinkevich P, Larsen LL, Græsholt-Knudsen T, Hesthaven G, Hellfritzsch MB, Petersen KK, Møller-Madsen B, Rölfing JD. Physical child abuse demands increased awareness during health and socioeconomic crises like COVID-19: a review and education material. Acta orthopaedica. 2020;91(5):527-33. [DOI:10.1080/17453674.2020.1782012] [PMID] [PMCID]
27. Gosangi B, Park H, Thomas R, Gujrathi R, Bay CP, Raja AS, Seltzer SE, Balcom MC, McDonald ML, Orgill DP, Harris MB. Exacerbation of physical intimate partner violence during COVID-19 pandemic. Radiology. 2021;298 (1):38-45. [DOI:10.1148/radiol.2020202866] [PMID] [PMCID]
28. Rodriguez CM, Lee SJ, Ward KP, Pu DF. The perfect storm: Hidden risk of child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child maltreatment. 2021;26(2):139-51. [DOI:10.1177/1077559520982066] [PMID] [PMCID]
29. Page MJ, Moher D, McKenzie JE. Introduction to PRISMA 2020 and implications for research synthesis methodologists. Research Synthesis Methods. 2022;13(2):156-63. [DOI:10.1002/jrsm.1535] [PMID]
30. Gifford W, Davies B, Edwards N, Griffin P, Lybanon V. Managerial leadership for nurses' use of research evidence: an integrative review of the literature. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing. 2007;4(3):126-45. [DOI:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2007.00095.x] [PMID]
31. Sediri S, Zgueb Y, Ouanes S, Ouali U, Bourgou S, Jomli R, Nacef F. Women's mental health: acute impact of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence. Archives of women's mental health. 2020;23(6):749-56. [DOI:10.1007/s00737-020-01082-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
32. Connor J, Madhavan S, Mokashi M, Amanuel H, Johnson NR, Pace LE, Bartz D. Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review. Social science & medicine. 2020; 266:113364. [DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113364] [PMID] [PMCID]
33. Moreira DN, da Costa MP. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the precipitation of intimate partner violence. International journal of law and psychiatry. 2020; 71:101606. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101606] [PMID] [PMCID]
34. Mittal S, Singh T. Gender-Based Violence During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Global Women's Health. 2020; 1:4. [DOI:10.3389/fgwh.2020.00004] [PMID] [PMCID]
35. Muldoon KA, Denize KM, Talarico R, Fell DB, Sobiesiak A, Heimerl M, Sampsel K. COVID-19 pandemic and violence: rising risks and decreasing urgent care-seeking for sexual assault and domestic violence survivors. BMC medicine. 2021;19(1):1-9. [DOI:10.1186/s12916-020-01897-z] [PMID] [PMCID]
36. Jetelina KK, Knell G, Molsberry RJ. Changes in intimate partner violence during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. Injury prevention. 2021;27(1):93-7. [DOI:10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043831] [PMID]
37. Pereda N, Díaz-Faes DA. Family violence against children in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: a review of current perspectives and risk factors. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health. 2020;14(1):1-7. [DOI:10.1186/s13034-020-00347-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
38. Oliveira AP, Souza MS, Sabino FH, Vicente AR, Carlos DM. Violence against children and adolescents and the pandemic-Context and possibilities for education professionals. Escola Anna Nery. 2021;26. [DOI:10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2021-0250]
39. Sharma S, Wong D, Schomberg J, Knudsen-Robbins C, Gibbs D, Berkowitz C, Heyming T. COVID-19: Differences in sentinel injury and child abuse reporting during a pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2021; 116:104990. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104990] [PMID] [PMCID]
40. Massiot L, Launay E, Fleury J, Poullaouec C, Lemesle M, Gras-le Guen C, Vabres N. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on child abuse and neglect: A cross-sectional study in a French Child Advocacy Center. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2022; 130:105443. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105443] [PMID] [PMCID]
41. Lawson M, Piel MH, Simon M. Child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consequences of parental job loss on psychological and physical abuse towards children. Child abuse & neglect. 2020; 110:104709. [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104709] [PMID] [PMCID]
42. Liu J, Zhou T, Yuan M, Ren H, Bian X, Coplan RJ. Daily routines, parent-child conflict, and psychological maladjustment among Chinese children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Psychology. 2021;35(8):1077. [DOI:10.1037/fam0000914] [PMID]
Bagheri Sheykhangafshe F, Hossienkhanzadeh A, Farahani H, Fathi-Ashtiani A. Domestic Violence against Children and Women during the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic (COVID-19): A Systematic Review Study. j.health 2023; 14 (2) :127-140 URL: http://healthjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-2753-en.html