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Background & objectives: One of the most important requirements in the health fields is the availability of standard measurement tools to assess the health status. This study aimed to design and determine the validity and reliability of health care empowerment questionnaire among women in reproductive age based on the theory of planned behavior.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 488 married women (15-49 years old) using self-administered questionnaire that were selected by multistage random sampling method in south health centers affiliated to Tehran university of medical sciences in 2018. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using content, criterion and face validity, and its reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha and Wilcoxon test using SPSS-24 software.
Results: In order to evaluate the validity, four questions with less content validity indices were modified and the necessary changes were made. Then, their validity steps were repeated and desired values, i.e., the content validity ratio more than 0.62 and content validity index more than 0.79, were obtained. The reliability was calculated in the value greater than 0.7. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the theory-based questionnaire of health care empowerment were acceptable (α=0.96). The content validity index and content validity ratio were also satisfactory (CVI=87%, CVR=% 89).
Conclusion: This theory-oriented questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable tool for assessing the health care empowerment among married women in reproductive age.
 

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Background & objectives: The tool used to collect data should have validity in the first stage and reliability in the second stage. The aim of this study was to design a tool for program management of middle-aged people in health centers in 2019.
Methods: This study was a descriptive-applied research. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire from a comparative study and interview. The validity of tool was examined by surveying 14 experts in the field of health services management, health education, general practitioner and nursing using Lawshi method. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by selecting 30 experts in middle-aged people program and using the test-retest method with time interval of two weeks. For data analysis, the SPSS software version 20 was used.
Results: In the validity stage, based on the opinions of 14 experts, out of 87 questions, 1 question with a content validity ratio of 0.45 and a content validity index of 0.73 was removed from the questionnaire questions and the rest of the questions were approved in terms of content. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained in two stages (the first stage was 0.85 and the second stage was 0.95) and the correlation coefficient was 0.99 for the whole questionnaire.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the component of public participation and the component of executive management had the highest and lowest correlation in the management of health services for middle-aged people, so policymakers and health care planners can use it to improve the quality of health services for middle-aged people.
 

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Background & objectives: According to the recommendation of the World Health Organization, health insurance is an effective tool to achieve the global goal of universal health care coverage. The present study was conducted to design and determine a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure universal health insurance coverage in Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-applied study was conducted in 2022. Based on the data obtained from the review and comparative study, an initial questionnaire was prepared based on the balanced scorecard model. Content validity was measured using a panel of 15 experts and content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) for each question. The test-retest method was used in a sample of 30 people to determine the reliability. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS 20 software. 
Results: Validity assessment was done in two stages. The final questionnaire was approved with a total content validity index score of 0.85 and a content validity ratio of 0.67. The results of Spearman's correlation coefficients for the four dimensions of the questionnaire showed the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire components. 
Conclusion: Considering that the designed questionnaire was approved in terms of validity and reliability, it can be a suitable tool for determining the requirements for achieving universal health insurance coverage in Iran.
 

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Background & objectives: Lighting is one of the most critical environmental factors affecting visual comfort, sleep quality, occupational accidents, and musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to design and develop a tool for the subjective assessment of lighting in hospital workplaces.
Methods: This study was conducted on 180 hospital personnel in Iran. First, the existing questionnaires were reviewed, and questions were collected as a questionnaire. This questionnaire consisted of 7 main sections and a section entitled "Suggestions for improving lighting". The validity of the questionnaire was determined based on expert comments and the CVI index. Its reliability was assessed by completing the questionnaire for hospital staff. According to the North American Society of Lighting Engineers (IESNA) standard, illumination was evaluated and compared with the questionnaire results.
Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and CVI value of the questionnaire were estimated to be 0.901 and 0.97, respectively. The minimum and maximum local illuminances were 55.67 and 980.80 lux, respectively. There was a significant positive relationship between the mean score of the questionnaire and the illuminances in the workstations (r =0.716, P<0.001). 72.8% of the workstations had good lighting, and the results of the questionnaire evaluation in these stations showed good and excellent lighting conditions.
Conclusion: The designed subjective lighting assessment questionnaire had good validity and reliability. This tool is recommended to assess and improve the lighting of the hospital working environment due to its simplicity, the inclusion of different aspects of lighting comfort, and solutions to improve the lighting system.