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Background and Objectives: Education and Research are needed two key elements in the university like the two wings of a bird. Evaluation of training medical faculties is considered as main tasks. Evaluation of training programs is main duty in the university of Medical Sciences. Internal evaluation is one of validation tools that represents the views of students and providers about current conditions. This study aimed to determine the profile and educational status of the Associate degree in Environmental Health School of Health and provide feedback. Methods: This study was a descriptive and analytical Method that was conducted in seven of nine field areas based on the ten step guide internal assessment. Data and information needed were collected by using tools such as phone calls, letters, questionnaires and check list from of 45 students. Information gathered was analyzed by using SPSS software. After the program, to obtain the necessary feed back were sent to faculty officials and EDC of university. After completing the program, to obtain the necessary feedback to relevant authorities was University College and EDC. Results: In this study, the average age of students in research was 20/3 years, 97/8% were single students, 33% of them were male students and 67% female, 100% students were non-employed, 53% of students were native provinces and other non-indigenous. 72 Index by faculty members determined and were evaluated the internal assessment. The results showed that Mean points was 48/33 points from 72 points and the state Department of Environmental Health Technician Training Course is located in the semi-optimal. Turns, 28% index were favorable, 46% were semi-optimal and 26% of index was assessed as unsatisfactory. in the Students field, eight indicators about educational status of students was evaluated. 19 points from 24 points was gained and was assessed as desirable. Conclusion: The evaluation presented 30 major proposal to develop quantitative and qualitative ones, and Environmental Health Department and Environmental Health Course for officials so that a committee was formed to follow up and bring it to fruition proposals. The most important advantage of this plan were develop rules of procedure in Environmental Health Department.

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Background & Objectives: Ground water is one of the important water resources. Quality indices are amongst the comprehensive and routine methods to evaluate water quality. Fuzzy Logic, as an appropriate method, applies artificial intelligence to develop complex and unknown systems e.g. environmental indices. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive index based on fuzzy logic and qualitative properties of ground water. Methods: Considering their effects on water quality and human health, 24 physico- chemical parameters were used for this study. Qualitative index was designed based on Mamdani inference system and tested using the data obtained from aqueducts located within Yazd city. Results: Fuzzy groundwater quality index provides more strict outputs than the NSF which uses nine parameters to present water quality. The differences observed might be due to differences in the number and interrelationships between parameters used for each index. Assessment of Yazd’s aqueducts water quality using Fuzzy index indicated that ground water quality is lower than the standard values set for drinking purposes. Conclusion: According to the results obtained, the proposed index can be used as a comprehensive tool to present actual water quality, especially for drinking purposes.

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Background & Objectives: Cyanide is a very hazardous compound that enters into the environment by different industries. In this study performance of Electrofenton process (EFP) for elimination of cyanide from aquatic environment in presence of humic Acid as an interfering compound was evaluated. Methods: In this experimental study, at every step of experiment, 1000 mL of cyanide solution with known concentrations was added to a reactor. The effects of selected parameters such as pH (3-10), reaction time (5-20 min) cyanide concentrations (100–1000 mg/l), voltage (10-30V), hydrogen peroxide concentrations (5-50 ml/lit), and humic acid levels (25-100 mg/L) on cyanide removal were investigated. Results: The results showed that efficiency of EFT process decreased with increasing pH, concentrations of cyanide and humic acid and increased with increasing voltage and hydrogen peroxide levels. The efficiency of 72% was achieved for EFP process in optimum conditions of pH = 3, initial concentration of cyanide = 100 mg/lit, hydrogen peroxide level = 25 ml/lit, voltage = 30V, and humic acid concentration = 25 mg/lit. In the same conditions, however, EFP efficiency was 96% in the absence of humic acid Conclusion: The overall results show that this process has high ability on removal of cyanide. This process was influenced by the parameters studied and the removal efficiency was varied with variation of each parameter.

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Background & Objective: Nosocomial infections are one of the most important problems in hospitals. Due to the important role of environmental factors on these infections, compliance with environmental health standards is of particular importance in reduction of hospital-acquired infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate compliance with environmental health standards in educational hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that includes four educational hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by a questionnaire filled in through interview and observation of different wards. Based on the scores obtained by various hospitals and departments, the status of environmental health was classified into three categories: favorable, relatively favorable (moderate), and unfavorable conditions. Results: Mean and standard deviation of scores of environmental health status in studied hospitals were 80.1±10.9. Environmental health status was favorable in 25% of the hospitals and 39.7% of the wards. The status of these standards was favorable in 44.45% of the intensive care units, 45.7 % of inpatient departments, 31.25% of the logistic services and 25% of the diagnostic units. Conclusion: This study showed that compliance with environmental health standards was not favorable in most educational hospitals. This poor environmental health condition can cause and spread nosocomial infections. Therefore, more attempts should be made to improve environmental health in these hospitals.

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Background & Objectives: One of the major problems in environmental management is disposal of municipal waste. In spite of the presence of different methods for the disposal of municipal waste, landfilling is one of the essential elements in municipal solid waste management system. In order to prevent contamination of water and soil, outbreak of diseases and environmental destruction, selection of an appropriate site for solid waste landfilling have to be made through investigation of environmental properties of the surrounding area. The aim of this study was to select the most suitable site for landfilling of municipal waste in Ardebil city. Methods: In a study appropriate sites for landfilling of solid waste have already been determined in Ardabil by applying GIS and analytical hierarchical process model. After field visit from the designated sites and collection of necessary information, four sites were selected. The four sites were assessed using similarity to ideal alternative method and environmental impact assessment by Leopold matrix. From these four sites the most appropriate one was selected. Results: The results of assessment by two methods showed that prioritizing the sites based on the similarity to ideal alternative method is similar to the result obtained from environmental impact assessment by Leopold matrix. The first priority was given to the first option and the second, fourth, and third alternatives stand in the next priorities. Conclusion: The alternative 1 is the most appropriate site for landfilling of municipal waste in Ardabil. This site is located in 11kilometer in east of Ardabil city in geographical coordinates of 48°25′46.90″east and 38° 16′11.63″north.

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Background & objectives: Dyes beside having negative effects on environmental aesthetic sight have serious negative biological and chemical effects on environment. The propose of this study is to remove photocatalistics of acid red 18 using ZnO nanoparticle synthesized with hydrothermal method discontinuous system.

Methods: In this experimental study first the source reactor and radiation were designed and constructed. Experiments were performed under stable conditions in pH (4, 7, and 10) with a contact time (10, 20, 30, 45 and 60) to determine the optimum pH. Then pH was fixed and effect of the initial concentration of nanoparticles (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3) grams per liter and various concentrations of Acid Red 18 (10, 25, 50, 100 and 200) milligrams per liter were studied.

Results: The results showed that the red dye removal efficiency of the process under study has directly increased with degree of acidity, so in acidic and alkaline efficiency was 83% and 1/59. It was also found that by lowering the initial dye concentration andincreaseing the contact time and concentration of nanoparticles, the removal efficiency was increased.

Conclusion: Photocatalytic process coupled with ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method in removal of Acid Red 18 has done best and the efficiency is seemed to be considerable. we� suggest that the efficiency of the removal of dyes and other pollutants needs to be further investigated.

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Background & objectives: Because of human exposure to various environmental risk factors during the lifetime, the actual exposure estimation has been considered as one of the most important challenges for researchers and decision makers. Considering the contribution of environmental risk factors in the burden of diseases, this study aimed to provide new approaches in exposure assessment filed based on the latest studies carried out in the world.
Methods: In this review article, according to the objectives of the study, literature related to new approaches in exposure assessment was identified through electronic searching in Scopus, PubMed and web of Science databases. After introducing new approaches, the most important sources of errors and limitations were also examined to reduce uncertainties of exposure estimation in these studies.
Results: The results of the study showed that comprehensive exposure assessment using new approaches in personalized exposure assessment, targeted and non-targeted analytical methods, -omics technologies, novel exposure matrices and computational models presented in this study can help researchers to identify the effective factors in development and increase assessor’s knowledge of mechanisms, exposure pathways and biological responses.
Conclusion: The use of new exposure assessment approaches provides new opportunity for researchers to better understand the biological processes in the development of diseases and estimate the actual human exposure to environmental risk factors.

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Background & objectives: Modeling with software is a fast way to predict the extent of material release range and simulate its consequences. Due the arrival of the large number of dangerous goods, including styrene, from the petrochemical industries to the port of Imam Khomeini, it is necessary to evaluate the consequences and potential damages of this material.This study was conducted in 2014 in Imam Khomeini Port Container Terminal with the aim of predicting and estimating the possible human and environmental consequences of the release of this hazardous material during transportation process.
Methods: In this study, with the use of PHAST and ALOHA softwares, the effect of toxicity of styrene was studied as a dangerous good entered into the container terminal. The analysis was performed by identifying the range of areas with highest adverse effects.
Results: According to the results, the extent of pollution coverage (the forbidden region) was at least in a radius of 67 meters and the best place for placement of support groups was in a radius of 329 meters of dangerous goods area. The study also showed that based on the coverage of the risk range in these modeling, ALOHA software had a high environmental sensitivity, because the amount of LOCs considered in the consequence of the explosion was lower and it considered more danger zones. Finally, management measures were pointed to prevent or reduce the potential consequences of hazardous goods storage sites and warehouses in the study area.
Conclusion: The environmental outcomes of dangerous goods containers in Imam Khomeini port are likely to be probable. So that the release consequences of these materials can cause a lot of environmental damage and accidents. Therefore, it can be said that modeling using software in this study played a key role in managing the area of hazardous materials containers.

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Background & objectives: Environmental health is one of the major challenges of sustainable development in most countries. Environmental health indicators are very important because they reflect the changing state of people's living environment and the existing health threats. This study aimed to investigate the trend of changes in indicators related to environmental health in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces during the years 2007-2016.
Methods: The present study is a longitudinal retrospective study that uses the data available in the environmental health department in the Health Center of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province The trend of changes in environmental health indicators was examined over ten years. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.
Results: In the present study, environmental health indicators in rural, urban, and the whole city were analyzed. These indicators include the percentage of rural dwellers with access to sanitary toilets, waste disposal, sewage disposal, livestock waste/manure, improvement percentage, and the hygiene of public places and food preparation and distribution centers, the health cardholders percentage and healthy drinking water in the village, city and the whole city were calculated, Which were 87.3%, 95.4%, 68.4%, 88.9%, 86.7%, 83.9%, 94.3%, and 91.3%, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that except for the index of improvement and sanitation of public places and food preparation and distribution centers, which was not significant in Kohgiluyeh city, other environmental health indicators have improved during ten years, but most indicators were lower than the average indicators set by environmental health experts in the province. This effort requires the authorities to improve the environmental health indicators by providing solutions such as attracting specialized environmental health personnel, applying the laws of Article 688 of public health and Article 13 of cosmetic beverages, and providing the necessary correspondence with the relevant departments to interact.
 

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Background & objectives: School environment health is one of the factors affecting the health of students and their educational status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of secondary schools in Ardabil and compare it with national standards and indices.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which was conducted in all secondary schools of Ardabil (70 schools) in 2018. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics.
Results: The results showed that the surveyed schools, in some of the indices, are far from national standards of environmental safety and health. Some of schools did not have safe electrical wiring, and some outlets lacked safety caps. The buffet of 27 schools was also not satisfactory (38.6%) regard to windows wired net and in 26 schools, 37.1% of the windows overlooking the outside had not wired net.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the environmental health of secondary schools in Ardabil city did not comply with national standards and indices in some cases. Therefore, serious attention should be paid to improve school health standards.
 

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Background & objectives: High concentrations of heavy metals in the soil are considered as a serious risk to human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, As, V and Co) in surface soils of Khuzestan province (2018).
Methods: This research is an experimental-applied study. For this purpose, 87 samples of surface soils were collected from Khuzestan province and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The level of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, As, V and Co) pollution was estimated based on environmental indicators. Also, the spatial pattern of metal concentrations in surface soils was prepared in GIS (10.2).
Results: The average concentration of heavy metals of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn was 3.22, 0.31, 9.46, 42.67, 23.92, 66.34, 9.09, 35.56 and 46.66 (mg/kg) respectively. The average concentrations of all heavy metals other than cobalt were higher than the baseline value (concentration in the earth's crust). Based on the average value of the enrichment factor (EF), the heavy metals of Co, Cd and Zn have a high contamination. According to the comprehensive evaluation of Nemrow integrated pollution index (NIPI), 40.98% of the samples were in medium pollution and 19.54% of the samples had high pollution.
Conclusion: The results of environmental indicators showed that the source of pollution of studied metals was anthropogenic such as traffic, burning fossil fuels, and uncontrolled use of fertilizers, urban wastewater entering the soil, the presence of oil industries in the region and the presence of gases released from the metal industry like the steel industry in the study area.

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Background & objectives: The phenomenon of dust is very critical and catastrophic in our country, especially in Kerman region. Part of the damage caused by this phenomenon is due to lack of sufficient recognition of the impact of dust on the environment. Therefore, the present study conducted to evaluate and prioritize the effects of dust on water, air, soil and animal and plant ecosystems in Kerman city in 2019 in order to inform citizens and authorities about the damage caused by this phenomenon and to plan for controlling them.
Methods: The research method was applied descriptive-analytical study. Five criteria including aquatic, soil, air, plant and animal ecosystems, each with 4 sub-criteria, were considered for measuring the environmental effects of dust. Library and field studies (in the form of questionnaires, observations and interviews) were used to collect the information. The statistical population of the study was all environmental experts in Kerman. VIKOR model was used to rank the measurement criteria.
Results: Among the criteria studied using VIKOR model, air, water and soil criteria with quality level of 0, 0.105 and 0.351 were in the first, second and third ranks of negative dust effects, respectively. Animal and plant ecosystems with a quality level of 0.656 were ranked fourth. Among the research indices, the index of endangering the public health of citizens by increasing heavy metals, threatening the city's drinking water resources and increasing respiratory diseases with an average of 4.07, 4.04 and 4.01were in the highest average of harmful effects of dust, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, among the 5 criteria studied, dust had the most negative effect on the air of Kerman and then on the water and soil of the region, respectively. Therefore, based on the priority obtained in this study and coherent planning, Kerman urban crisis management can take successful steps to reduce and deal with the dust phenomenon.

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Background & objectives: In the field of health, silver nanoparticles are used to make detergents. Considering the negative environmental problems in the conventional methods of synthesizing silver nanoparticles, this experimental study was conducted with the aim of using an environmentally friendly method for the production of silver in the form of antimicrobial nanoparticles and its application in detergent production.
Methods: In this research, in order to synthesize silver nanoparticles, the method of electrical explosion of wire and PNC device was used in distilled water solution as a plasma medium. Size, structural properties and morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. To prepare the detergent, the method selected by various pre-tests, which had the best result, was used and the antimicrobial activity test was finally performed.
Results: The results obtained using microscopic methods showed that the nanosized silver particles were spherical and had a mean particle size of 40 nm and remained stable in distilled water solution. The results of the antimicrobial test showed that the detergent containing silver nanoparticles had the highest and lowest antimicrobial activity against staphylococcal coagulase and colonic bacteria, respectively.
Conclusions: Based on the results, electrical wire explosion is an appropriate and environmentally friendly method for producing silver nanoparticles. The detergent production using synthetic silver nanoparticles, along with its antimicrobial properties, is a good advancement in health and medicine.

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Background & objectives: Safety, health, and environmental management systems are implemented and operationalized to provide, maintain, and promote the health of individuals, society, and the environment. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to develop a model of the HSE management system and use it in sustainable development planning based on artificial intelligence based on data theory.
Methods: This research is applied and exploratory in terms of research purpose. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using questionnaires and among the statistical population selected from universities, Environment Organizations, health centers, and various industries in Tehran in 1399. The data processing theory of the foundation uses open coding, axial coding, selective coding, and SPSS software, MaxQDA, to analyze data.
Results: The results of this study show that the validation of the model confirms the final model according to the method of review of participants and review of non-participating experts, and also, all Cronbach's alpha numbers and the combined reliability of latent variables are appropriate. 
Conclusion: Intense to intelligent identification of consequences and risks and strategic and continuous thinking on safety, health, and environment make the multiple structures of sustainable development strong and static. The results indicate the sustainable development of simultaneous access to all components or dimensions with a systemic approach and a holistic mental perception that the individual dimensions and the relationships between them must be considered.
 

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Background & objectives: In today's world, the globalization of information, communication, and economy has significantly impacted health organizations. Such organizations require strategic planning and environmental analysis to adapt to these changes. Managers can more effectively implement health system strategies by assessing the internal environment. This study aimed to examine the Weisbord model's variables and provide insights to enhance the performance of Shahid Chamran Kangavar Hospital.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted at Shahid Chamran Hospital in Kangavar in 2019. The study utilized a cross-sectional design and included 150 hospital employees who were selected through a simple random sampling method. Data was collected using the Weisbord (1976) standard organizational diagnosis questionnaire, which had been validated by expert professors in the field and had a reliability estimate of 0.945 using Cronbach's alpha. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and t-tests were conducted through SPSS-22 software.
Results: Several variables were assessed, including goal setting, leadership, organizational structure, coordination, intra-organizational communication, and attitude toward change in the strong state. The reward mechanism dimension was only evaluated in the weak state. The dimension of attitude towards change had the highest score (3.29±1.32), while the reward mechanism dimension had the weakest score (4.86±1.29) among all the variables.
Conclusion: In this situation, the reward mechanism may be too weak to encourage hospital staff to provide high-quality services. However, the system can be improved by modifying and revising it. This could motivate staff to perform better and offer better service.
 

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Background & objecives: The prevalence of Covid-19 disease has spread worldwide and has a high mortality rate.the present study examines the challenges and facilitators of coronavirus prevention from the perspective of environmental health experts and experts in food preparation and distribution centers in 1400. The global spread of Covid-19 with its high mortality rate necessitates an examination of the challenges and facilitators in coronavirus prevention. This study explores insights from environmental health experts and professionals in food preparation and distribution centers in 1400.
Methods: The current study was a descriptive-analytical qualitative study. Target-based data collection was saturated with 22 samples. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview with environmental health experts and technicians, using open-ended questions to achieve data saturation. The data were provided to professors and specialists through coding and re-interviewing text, then reviewed and analyzed through content analysis.
Results: Of the present study in the challenges section included economic problems, educational poverty, manpower, judiciary, and lack of resources. In the facilitators section, there were 4 main components and 45 sub-components those studies showed, with removing economic barriers, repeated training, providing necessary resources to enforce the law, and dealing with offenders being identified as effective facilitators in preventing the coronavirus.
Conclusion: Given the current challenges of Covid-19, enhancing facilitators such as ongoing education and raising community awareness, increasing surveillance, empowering health ambassadors, providing robust legal backing for enforcement, vaccinating individuals aged 12 and older, and promoting online shopping and commerce could significantly aid policymakers, health professionals, and decision-makers in the field.
 

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Background & objectives: Environmental health involves the regulation of factors significantly affecting human health, encompassing various diseases transmitted through water, air, food, and other environmental elements. Given its important role, health has always been a primary concern for humanity. Islamic teachings emphasize health and its enhancement even more rigorously than the World Health Organization's charter. This study aims to explore the components of environmental health as depicted in the Quran.
Methods: This applied research was conducted in two stages. The first stage employed a qualitative research method (descriptive and analytical) using a triangulation approach to extract and compile data, incorporating Quranic verses, related research, and theoretical foundations. In the second stage, the frequency and importance of environmental health components in the Quran were analyzed using content analysis. Quranic texts and seven primary components of environmental health were examined.
Results: The analysis of environmental health components from the Quran reveals the following frequencies: soil (27), water (22), plants (26), fruits and plants (35), mountains (39), sea (41), and wind (33). Among these, the sea component appears most frequently.
Conclusion: The abundance of components indicates that the sea has the highest importance coefficient (0.183) in terms of environmental health from the Quranic perspective, while water has the lowest importance coefficient (0.098).