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Background & Objectives: Road traffic fatality is in critical situation in our country nowadays and about 28000 individuals die from road traffic accidents annually. The aim of the current study was to investigate road traffic accidents in patients admitted in emergency department of Alejalil hospital in Aq-Qala city. Methods: An analytical study conducted from July 2009 to July 2010. Data (E.g. selected demographic and other related variables to the study objectives) were recorded through interview either with patients or accompanies using census method. The questionnaire was validated by content validity analysis. ANOVA was applied for data analysis with the alpha level set at p<0.05. Results: Average age of 833 subjects was 24.67(SD=13.96) years. 33.8% of the patients were in 20-29 years age group. Sex ratio (male to female) was 5.7. 74.5% of injuries occurred for motorcyclists and 10.9% for pedestrians. 96% have not used either helmet or seat belt at the accident occurrence time. 41.6% of the accident occurred between 12 to 18 o’clock and 19.3 in Thursday. Thirty eight point five percent was occurred in summer. Significant relationships were observed between accident occurrence and season and day of the week (p<0.05). Conclusion: Majority of the road traffic accidents were in young motorcyclists’ who don’t wear helmet.

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Background & Objectives:�Turbidity and colloidal factors are good shelters for growth and transmission of biological parameters as well as the factors affecting water usage from aesthetic point of view. Coagulating agents such as metal hydroxides are produced by the process of electrolysis. The coagulating agent combines with the pollutants to form large size flocs. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of electrocoagulation-electrofloatation in removal of turbidity from aquatic environments.

Methods: In a laboratory-scale fundamental-applicable study a plexiglass electrocoagulation reactor (24 ×17 ×18 cm) was made.  4 iron/aluminum plates (electrode) with a dimension of 15 ×16 cm and thickness of 1mm were placed in parallel and 1.5 cm apart in the tank. A DC power supply with adjustable voltage (0-60 v) and amperage (0-6 amps) was used.

Results: : The results showed that the highest turbidity removal from solution was obtained by aluminum electrode (97.60 %) at pH of 7, potential difference of 50 volts, and contact time of 30 minutes. The maximum rate of turbidity removal from aqueous solution by using iron electrodes (89.92%) was achieved at pH=7, potential difference of 50 volts, and contact time of 30 minutes.

Conclusion: based on experiments' results, using electrocoagulation-electrofloatation has an appropriate efficiency in turbidity removal. It can also be concluded that the efficiency of Al electrode to remove turbidity from solution is higher than that of Fe electrode.

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Background & Objectives: Rapid sand filter backwashing water typically consists of 2-5% of the total treated water and it has high turbidity. Therefore, effluent treatment of rapid sand filter backwashing is essential. This research aimed to survey turbidity removal from filtration effluent of Tehranpars water treatment plant using Electrocoagulation (EC)/Electroflotation (EF) process.

Methods: This practical study was done in a continuous system at laboratory scale. An electrocoagulation tank with the dimensions of 24×17×18 cm and volume of 7.35 l from plexiglass was used in this work. Inside the tank 4 Al or Fe plates (15×22×0.1cm) were used as cathode and anode. Each electrode was immersed up to 16 cm in effluent of electrocoagulation tank. 126 samples with turbidities of 320, 350, and 400 NTU were taken from effluent of rapid sand filter backwashing and the removal efficiency was tested at current densities of 4.16, 5.83, 7.5, 10, 11.66, and 13.33 mA cm^-2 in detention times ranging from10 to 30 min. The space of electrodes is fixed at 1.5cm and pH at 8.2.  Data analyzed by excel software.

Results: The optimum pH of 8.2 was determined for this process. The optimum current density and detention time for both electrodes were the same and equal to 13.33 mA cm^-2 and 30 min, respectively. At optimum conditions the respective highest turbidity removal by Al and Fe electrodes were 95.13 and 4.87%.

Conclusion: Regarding the results, using electro coagulation-electro floatation processes has an appropriate efficiency in turbidity removal. One can say that aluminum electrode has higher efficiency than iron electrode to remove turbidity.

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Background & objectives: The significance of optimal breastfeeding of infants for their survival, growth, and development has been recognized and accepted as an important public health issue over the past decades. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the breastfeeding intention behavior of mothers referring to health centers in rural area of Baiza, south of Fars province, on exclusive breastfeeding, based on theory of planned behavior during the first six months after birth in 2018.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. A questionnaire was administered to 116 mothers who were selected by simple random sampling among whom referred to the health centers in Beyza. Mothers completed the demographic information and the theory of planned behavior questionnaire including attitudinal structure, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention through self-report method. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression.
Results: The mean age of mothers was 26.60±4.87. In regression analysis, attitude (B=0.24, p<0.001) and subjective norms (B=0.23, p<0.001) significantly predicted breastfeeding intention, but perceived behavioral control was not a significant predictor of intention (B=0.24, p>0.05).
Conclusion: In order to improve exclusive breastfeeding, it is necessary to consider the necessary interventions which can improve awareness, subjective norms, attitude and behavioral control of mothers.
 

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Background & objectives: Considering the rewards, intrinsic motivation and trusting the goodwill can provide a situation for employee creativity that is vital to the survival of the organization. Therefore, considering the important role of creative employees in organizations, the goal of present research was to investigate the relationship between reward systems and staff creativity of Pars Abad health network
Methods: The present study is descriptive-survey in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. Data were collected using the Standard Employee Creativity Scale by Torrance (1963) and the Kabura Reward Systems Questionnaire (2009). 238 people were selected as the sample by Cochran's formula and simple random sampling method. The obtained data were tested by Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis.
Results: The results showed that there were relationships between reward systems with stretch dimension (ß=0.173, p=0.007), with initiative dimension (ß=0.170, p=0.008) and with flexibility dimension (ß=144, p=0.026), but there was no significant relationship between reward systems with fluid dimension.
Conclusion: Considering the relationship between reward systems and the creativity of the officials and employees of the health network of the studied city, it is suggested that the managers of the organization provide a suitable environment for creativity through methods such as timely reward in proportion to employees' performance. The implementation of the reward system and the program of job privileges and the granting of related benefits should be based on the results of the employee performance evaluation process.
 

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Background & objectives: The emergence of COVID-19 has precipitated a global health crisis, profoundly affecting various dimensions of human life, including social, academic, cultural, economic, and political spheres. This study aims to compare the management strategies employed by South Korea, Japan, and Iran in response to the pandemic, highlighting the effectiveness of their approaches and the resultant outcomes.
Methods: This research employs a comprehensive literature review of articles from scientific databases, including Scopus, Elsevier, Science Direct, PubMed, and ISI. It analyzes the strategies each country implemented to curb the spread of COVID-19, highlighting both successes and challenges encountered during the pandemic.
Results: The findings indicate that countries with prior experience in managing epidemics, such as South Korea and Japan, were better equipped to handle the COVID-19 crisis. South Korea’s rapid response included widespread testing, contact tracing, and the use of technology to monitor the virus's spread. Japan, leveraging its geographical proximity to China and existing health infrastructure, also implemented effective measures, including travel restrictions and public health campaigns. In contrast, Iran faced significant challenges in managing the pandemic. The rapid spread of COVID-19 overwhelmed its healthcare system, exacerbated by pre-existing economic sanctions and health infrastructure deficiencies. Despite various strategies implemented by the Iranian government and the Ministry of Health, including public awareness campaigns and temporary lockdowns, the outcomes were less favorable compared to South Korea and Japan. Inadequate responses to the health crisis resulted in serious social and psychological consequences, worsening the situation.
Conclusion: Countries that effectively managed the new coronavirus pandemic had prior experience with epidemics. Their swift actions and recognition of the critical situation contributed to minimizing human and financial losses.