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Background & Objectives: groundwater is considered as one of the most important sources for drinking water supply. Groundwater pollution is an important problem in many parts of the world and nitrate being the most common chemical contaminants in groundwater. High levels of nitrate in groundwater lead the ground water sources to be unusable. The objective of this study was to investigate the nitrate removal from groundwater using aluminum powder. Methods: In this research, the possibility of nitrate removal from groundwater was studied using aluminum powder with 200-100 mesh size. Study was done in 250 ml bottles at temperature range of 20-25ċ. Nitrate concentrations determined using a spectrophotometer at 220 and 275 nm. All experiments were triplicate and the average of results was reported. Results: The results of this study indicated that nitrate removal efficiency increases with increasing pH and adsorbent dose in a batch system. Maximum nitrate removal efficiency of 52% was achieved at 50 min contact time, pH of 10, and initial nitrate concentration of 100 mg/l as N. Nitrate removal efficiency increased by 20% when the concentration of aluminum powder increased from 0.5 to 1 g/L. Conclusion: This method is recommended for removal of nitrate contamination from groundwater to be used for drinking and industrial purposes due to relatively low cost, ease of technique, safety and effectiveness of the method applied.

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Background & Objectives: Trace elements in dialysis liquid significantly disturb the trace elements in dialysis patients. Because, contaminants in drinking water enter the circulatory system via gastrointestinal tract while in dialysis liquid directly enter the blood during haemodialysis. Therefore, complying with the standards for dialysis water is indispensible. This study was carried out to determine cathion concentrations in influent water to dialysis machines and to compare with established standards in the hospitals of Qom province in 2010. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study carried out on 45 samples in influent water to dialysis machines in hospitals of Qom province. Since only 3 hospitals in Qom province had dialysis units, 15 samples were taken from each hospital. Chemical analysis was done through titration method using Flame photometer, pH-meter, and EC-meter. Results: Kations under study (Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium) were below AAMI and EPH standards for all samples. Conclusion: The results of this study show that all the measured parameters in the hospitals are below the standard levels. In other words, the patients are in better conditions regarding complications of above-mentioned factors.

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Background & Objectives: Chemical and microbial quality are the most important characteristics associated with wastewater reuse for agricultural purposes. The aim of this study was determination of efficiency of Ghasr-e-Shirin (constructed wetland) and Kermanshah wastewater treatment plants (conventional activated sludge) to remove protozoan cysts and parasitic eggs in order to reuse in agricultural irrigation. Methods: In total, 96 samples were taken from influent and effluent of the wastewater plants at one week intervals for a period of 6 months for parasitic analysis by Mac master slide(with a hole size 0.3 ml) according to Bailenger method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Average removal efficiency of constructed wetland for parasitic eggs and protozoan cysts were 99.7-100% and 100%, respectively. These values for conventional activated sludge of Kermanshah were 97-99% and 99-100%. Statistically significant differences were observed in removal efficiency of the parameters studied between two treatment facilities (P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, removal efficiency for cysts and parasitic eggs in both treatment facilities are desirable with efficiency of constructed wetland being better than conventional activated system. In terms of number of nematode eggs, effluent quality of both treatment plants complies with Angelberg index (number of nematode eggs per liter ≤ 1).

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Background & Objectives: Pollution due to heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems nowadays. Extensive application of Cr (VI) leads to discharge a large amount of chromium containing wastewater into the environment. The aim of this research was evaluation of alumina nanoparticles efficiency to remove chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions through adsorption. Methods: This fundamental and practical study was performed in batch conditions and room-temperature. The structure of the sorbent was characterized by TEM technique. Residual concentrations of Cr (VI) were measured by a spectrophotometer at 540nm. Effects of the process parameters such as Al2O3 loading (0.5–2 g/L), contact time (5-90 min), and pH (5-9) were investigated. Results: The results showed that removal efficiency of Cr (VI) increase with increasing of contact time and pH. The optimum pH was found to be 5 with decreasing of removal efficiency afterward. The value of qm (mg/L) in this work was 30.3 for each gram of nano-alumina adsorbent. Furthermore, chromium sorption kinetics was well fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and well explained by Freundlich isotherm (R2>0.992). Conclusion: In general, alumina nanoparticle powder is recognized as an effective sorbent to remove chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions.

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Background & Objectives: Pollution of groundwater and surface waters to nitrate is an environmental problem in many parts of the world including Iran. It might cause diseases such as methemoglobinemia, lymphatic system, and blood cancer. Therefore, nitrate removal from water resources is necessary. Since application of nanomaterials in treatment of the environment pollutants has become an interesting method, the objective of this study was application of ZnO nanoparticles under UV radiation to remove nitrate from aqueous solution. Methods: Three nitrate concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg/l were considered for present study. In order to determine the optimum level of ZnO nanoparticles on nitrate removal, concentrations of 0.1, 0.4, and 0.8 g/l were used. PH ranges of 5-9 were studied. Also, the effect of UV irradiation was investigated. Results: In this study, the effects of exposure time, nitrate concentration, ZnO nanoparticle dose, and pH were investigated. The results showed that nitrate removal decreases with increasing initial nitrate concentration. Also, nitrate removal efficiency increased from 75.7% at 0.1 g/l to 91.2% at 0.8 g/l 0f photo-catalyst. Maximum reduction efficiency was observed in neutral pH. For UV application, maximum performance of 27% was observed at pH=9. Conclusion: Application of UV irradiation solely did not effectively removed nitrate from aqueous solution, however, efficiency of combination of ZnO/UV process was appropriate for nitrate removal.

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Background & Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders and premature tiredness caused by work are arisen from incompatible individual work capacity and job demands. According to the statistics provided by World Health Organization (WHO), prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is the most important cause of the loss of working timein work environments. Methods: For this cross sectional study samples were selected from workers employed in workshops of metallic products in Isfahan city. Data were collected using TMW standard questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Relationships between physical work demands and disorders of the upper limbs such as shoulders, wrist, elbow, and hand, were examined using X2 statistical test and the results showed that there are significant relationships between these disorders and the physical work demands. Conclusion: If exceed the work ability of a person work demands, as important factors in job doing, have a direct relationship with musculoskeletal disorders.

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Background & Objectives: Presence of nutrients in hospital wastewater causes a wide range of environmental problems and that their removal from wastewater is necessary. The newest technology for nutrient removal from wastewater is membrane biological reactors (MBR). This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient removal from hospital wastewater by MBR process in Babol Clinic Hospital. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using a pilot-scale MBR at the wastewater treatment site of the hospital. 30 samples were obtained from influent and effluent of pilot-scale and wastewater treatment plants in 62 days. Samples were taken into the laboratory and spectrophotometer was used to analyze samples. Data were analyzed by SPSS Ver.18 software and reported as mean ± SD. Results: In Pilot-scale plant, NH3_N, NO2_N, NO3_N, and PO4-P decreased by 82.6, 82.1, 82.1, and 60.2%, respectively. While at the same time respective reduction values for NH3_N, NO2_N, NO3_N, and PO4-P in hospital wastewater treatment plant were 38.6, 35.4, 35.1, and 5.4%. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that MBR is an effective method to remove nutrients from hospital wastewater and it meet the standards set for the release of effluent to water bodies.

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Background & Objectives: The situation of hospitals relative to other urban land uses especially roads network and population density has an important role on physical and mental health of urban dwellers. This research, attempts to provide geographical evaluation of present hospitals and determine the best locations for these hospitals in the city. Methods: Methodology of the research is descriptive-analytical. At first geographical location of present hospitals and then the areas that need hospitals (based on the criteria exist for locating hospitals) were determined using Weighted Linear Combination model of ARCGIS software. Due to high number of criteria involved in finding optimal location for hospitals, in present paper combination of the GIS capabilities and WLC model were tested to provide suitable positioning model for these hospitals. Results: Results show that location of hospitals in Ardabil city does not follow a logic and scientific process. Concentration of these environments in south west and the city centre has caused various problems in these areas and has resulted in the lack of hospital land use in other parts of the city. Conclusion: General conclusion expresses that in the case of hospital construction Danesh Abad, Karshnasan, Islam Abad, and Golestan neighborhoods have the first priority. The second priority areas are Yousef Abad, Salman abad, Javadiye, Abbasiye and Zainabiye. The last priorities are Shahid Rajaee and Sayed Abad areas. The areas having priority in the output of WLC model showed that these areas have preferred conditions based on the given criteria. This fact demonstrates the capabilities of these techniques and tools on playing roles as a decision support system (DSS) for selection of the appropriate options.

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Background & objectives: Breast cancer is the most prevalence cause of death in women. The prevalence is one person per 8 women. Recently was changed in lifestyle of human that increased incidence of breast cancer. Mammography is the one of the diagnosis methods of primary recognizing and secret breast cancer before getting 5 mm size. The aim of this study was determination of demographic characteristics of referred patients for mammography and prevalence of malignant of breast cancer based on aged.

Methods: In this descriptive study all women who are referred to mammography department of the Fatemy Hospital underwent study in 1384. Personal, mammography information and sonography and biopsy information of women were collected by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.

Results: The sings of breast cancer malignancy were recognized in 20 of 100 women referred to mammography department. In 12 of 20 individuals were observed breast cancer, that were 2 cases, 6 cases and 4 cases between 30-34 , 35-44 , ≥50 years old, respectively. The marital status was showed the marrying age and the first of pregnancy 10 cases from 12 women were under 20 years old and 2 between 20- 30.

Conclusion: This study was showed the prevalence of breast cancer was in lower ages of women. Ages and first age pregnancy were the risk factors of breast cancer.

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Background & objectives: Job stress in organizations is a situation in which requirements of the job do not match the capabilities of employee and can harm person physically and emotionally. However, stress is a psychological status that can cause symptoms such as increased heart rate, blood pressure and dizziness. The aim of this study was to assess work related stressors and demographic factors related to depression, stress, and anxiety in Islamabad Gharb health centers’ employees
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all employees of hospital and healthcare centers in Islamabad Gharb were recruited. According to inclusion criteria, 158 employees participated in the study. Data collecting tools were Demographics, HSE Job stress and Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS21) questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficient, and Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Results: There was a significant relationship between depression, anxiety,  stress and the dimensions of role, demand, communication, support by  colleagues and supervisors, control, and changes (p<0.05). The depression rate was higher in single employees than married ones (p=0.026). Employees who had a patient with sever condition at home had a higher stress and anxiety (p=0.045) 
Conclusion: The results show that work related stressors are related to depression, stress and anxiety in employees. Therefore, it is necessary to use proper solutions such as participating them in decision-makings and providing them enough time to do their task to eliminate job stress resources as possible

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Background & objectives: Among the many valuable treasures of the Islamic tradition, many hadiths refer to aspects of human health, disease and treatment. The growth of medical science has led to greater attention to medical narratives, and some uninformed and profitable individuals have justified the treatment of diseases by citing such narratives. On the other hand, some have claimed that medical hadiths are irrelevant. This study seeks to answer these questions: Do medical narratives emphasize on treatment or prevention or are such narratives feasible? Are they citable? And if the target audience is limited to person or, like jurisprudence and on the basis of sharing in the task, can the medical traditions be generalized?
Methods: This study seeks to identify and express the hadiths that focus on the prophylactic aspect of diseases by referring to some hadith sources related to the subject and then by content analysis and description. By referring to libraries, reputable websites, CDs, microfilms, and scientific journals, the content was collected as a transcript.
Results: The findings of the present study are as follows: 1) What is emphasized in the narrations of Ahl al-Bayt is more the issue of personal and public health and hygiene, which are in line with lifestyle recommendations. 2 (Many narratives focusing on disease treatment are private and personal, and on the contrary, hadiths that emphasize on health and disease prevention are publicly available, so everyone can use them.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that referring to medical hadiths, like other hadiths issued by the infallibles, is a specialized work and one should avoid any prejudice and interpretation of the vote, and that many hadiths consider prevention to be better than cure and emphasize preventive aspects of the disease such as: avoiding overeating, recommending some certain activties that are effective on human health and not getting sick, observing nutritional principles and practices such as eating while hungry and having appetite, good chewing and munching, avoiding blowing into food, using toothpicks, etc.

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Background & objectives: Improving and modifying lifestyle is necessary for health maintenance and promotion. Health-promoting lifestyle is one of the health criteria. Various factors are involved in the implementation of this lifestyle. This study aimed to evaluate the status of health-promoting lifestyles in nursing students of Ardabil School of Nursing and Midwifery.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed with the participation of 215 nursing students. The sampling method was census. Demographic information and the Walker health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and One-way analysis of variance using spss22 software.
Results: The mean score for a health-promoting lifestyle was 107.88±7.37. There was a significant relationship between spiritual growth, health responsibility, stress management, nutrition, and physical activity with gender. The lowest mean and standard deviation among the dimensions of health-promoting lifestyle were related to the dimension of stress management 15.18±2.71, and the highest score was related to the dimension of health responsibility 20.97±3.89.
Conclusion: Health-promoting lifestyle status in nursing students of Ardabil School of Nursing and Midwifery was unfavorable. Therefore, there is a need for more careful planning to improve the health-promoting lifestyle of nursing students.
 

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Background & objectives: Mindfulness, a psychological concept involving an individual's ability to focus on current experiences and regulate them, plays a crucial role in mental health. Depression and anxiety are prevalent issues among students, affecting their academic and psychological performance. Given the significance of mindfulness and its impact, this study aims to explore the correlation between mindfulness, depression, anxiety, and demographic factors in students at the Khalkhal Faculty of Medical Sciences.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study involved 106 students from Khalkhal School of Medical Sciences. The research instrument was a four-part questionnaire covering demographic information, anthropometry, Beck's depression, Beck's anxiety, and five facets of mindfulness. Data were analyzed using Pearson's statistical tests and regression analysis.
Results: The study found that 1.9% of students were severely depressed, and 22.6% were severely anxious. There was a significant inverse relationship between depression scores and mindfulness (p=0.001) and a significant relationship between anxiety and mindfulness (p=0.0001). The multiple linear regression model indicated that anxiety and depression could predict changes in the average mindfulness score (R²=38.45).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that mindfulness is significantly related to depression and anxiety, with an inverse relationship between overall anxiety scores and mindfulness. Therefore, emphasizing mindfulness is vital for health.